" WAQT NAHI "
Har khushi Hai Logon Ke Daman Mein,
Par Ek Hansi Ke Liye Waqt Nahi.
Din Raat Daudti Duniya Mein,
Zindagi Ke Liye Hi Waqt Nahi.
Maa Ki Lori Ka Ehsaas To Hai,
Par Maa Ko Maa Kehne Ka Waqt Nahi.
Saare Rishton Ko To Hum Maar Chuke,
Ab Unhe Dafnane Ka Bhi Waqt Nahi.
Saare Naam Mobile Mein Hain,
Par Dosti Ke Liye Waqt Nahi.
Gairon Ki Kya Baat Karen,
Jab Apno Ke Liye Hi Waqt Nahi .
Aankhon Me Hai Neend Badee,
Par Sone Ka Waqt Nahi.
Dil Hai Gamon Se Bhara ,
Par Rone Ka Bhi Waqt Nahi .
Paison ki Daud Me Aise Daude,
Ki Thakne ka Bhi Waqt Nahi.
Paraye Ehsason Ki Kya Kadr Karein,
Jab Apne Sapno Ke Liye Hi Waqt Nahi .
Tu Hi Bata E Zindagi,
Iss Zindagi Ka Kya Hoga,
Ki Har Pal Marne Walon Ko,
Jeene Ke Liye Bhi Waqt Nahi.........
गुरुवार, 27 मई 2010
मंगलवार, 30 मार्च 2010
THE BENEFITS OF HONEY & CINNAMON
THE BENEFITS OF HONEY and CINNAMON
Facts on honey and cinnamon : It is found that a mixture of honey and cinnamon cures most Diseases. Honey is produced in most of the countries of the world. Scientists of today also accept honey as a 'Ram Ban' (very effective) medicine for all kinds of diseases. Honey can be used without any side Effects for any kind of diseases. Today's science says that even though honey is sweet, if taken in the right dosage as a medicine, it does not harm diabetic patients. Weekly World News, a Magazine in Canada , on its issue dated 17 January, 1995 has given the following list of diseases that can be cured by honey and cinnamon as researched by western
HEART DISEASES: Make a paste of honey and cinnamon powder, apply on bread, instead of jelly and jam, and eat it regularly for breakfast. It reduces the cholesterol in the arteries and saves the patient from heart attack. Also, those who have already had an attack, if they do this Process daily they are kept miles away from the next attack. Regular use of the above process relieves loss of breath and strengthens the heart beat. In America and Canada , various nursing homes have treated patients successfully and have found that as you age, the arteries and veins lose their flexibility and get clogged; honey and cinnamon revitalize the arteries and veins.
ARTHRITIS: Arthritis patients may take daily, morning, and night, One cup of hot water with two spoons of honey and one small teaspoon of cinnamon powder. If taken regularly even chronic arthritis can be cured. In a recent research conducted at the Copenhagen University, it was found that when the doctors treated their patients with a mixture of one tablespoon honey and half teaspoon Cinnamon powder before breakfast, They found that within a week, out of the 200 people. So treated, practically 73 patients were totally relieved of pain, and within a month, mostly all the patients who could not walk or move around because of arthritis started walking without pain.
BLADDER INFECTIONS: Take two tablespoons of cinnamon powder and one teaspoon of honey in a glass of lukewarm water and drink it. It destroys the germs in the bladder.
TOOTHACHE: Make a paste of one teaspoon of cinnamon powder and five teaspoons of honey and apply on the aching tooth. This may be applied three times a day until the tooth stops aching.
CHOLESTEROL: Two tablespoons of honey and three teaspoons of cinnamon powder mixed in 16 ounces of tea water, given to a cholesterol patient were found to reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood by 10 percent within two hours. As mentioned for arthritic patients, if taken three times a day, any chronic cholesterol is cured. According to information received in the said Journal, pure honey taken with food daily relieves complaints of cholesterol. By the way, if you're taking cholesterol medicine, STOP! They all contain STATIN which weaken your muscles...including YOUR
HEART and none has been shown to stop heart attacks or strokes!!!!
COLDS: Those suffering from common or severe colds should take one tablespoon lukewarm honey with 1/4 spoon cinnamon powder daily for three days. This process will cure most chronic cough, cold, and clear the sinuses.
UPSET STOMACH: Honey taken with cinnamon powder cures stomach ache and also clears stomach ulcers from the root.
GAS: According to the studies done in India and Japan, it is revealed that if honey is taken with cinnamon powder the stomach is relieved of gas.
IMMUNE SYSTEM: Daily use of honey and cinnamon powder strength ens the immune system and protects the body from bacterial and viral attacks. Scientists have found that honey has various vitamins and iron in large amounts. Constant Use of honey strength ens the white blood corpuscles to fight bacterial and viral diseases.
INDIGESTION: Cinnamon powder sprinkled on two tablespoons of honey taken before food relieves acidity and digests the heaviest of meals.
INFLUENZA: A scientist in Spain has proved that honey contains a natural ingredient which kills the influenza germs and Saves the patient from flu.
LONGEVITY: Tea made with honey and cinnamon powder, when taken regularly, arrests the ravages of old age. Take four spoons of honey, one spoon of cinnamon powder and three cups of water and boil to make like tea. Drink 1/4 cup, three to four times a day. It keeps the skin fresh and soft and arrests old age. Life spans also increases and even a 100 year old, starts performing the chores of
a 20-year-old.
PIMPLES: Three tablespoons of honey and one teaspoon of cinnamon powder paste. Apply this paste on the pimples before sleeping and wash it next morning with warm water. If done daily for two weeks, it removes pimples from the root.
SKIN INFECTION: Applying honey and cinnamon powder in equal parts on the affected parts, cures eczema, ringworm and all types of skin infections.
WEIGHT LOSS: Daily in the morning one half hour before breakfast on an empty stomach and at night before sleeping, drink honey and cinnamon powder boiled in one cup of water. If taken regularly, it reduces the weight of even the most obese person. Also, drinking this mixture regularly does not allow the fat to accumulate in the body even though the person may eat a high calorie diet.
CANCER: Recent research in Japan and Australia has revealed that advanced cancer of the stomach and bones have been cured successfully. Patients suffering from these kinds of cancer should daily take one tablespoon of honey with one teaspoon of cinnamon powder for one month three times a day.
FATIGUE: Recent studies have shown that the sugar content of honey is more helpful rather than being detrimental to the strength of the body. Senior citizens, who take honey and cinnamon powder in equal parts, are more alert and flexible. Dr. Milton, who has done research, says that a half tablespoon of honey taken in a glass of water and sprinkled with cinnamon powder, taken daily after brushing and in the afternoon at about 3:00p.m.when the vitality of the body starts to decrease, increases the vitality of the body within a week.
BAD BREATH: First thing in the morning, gargle with one teaspoon of honey and cinnamon powder mixed in hot water, so the breath stays fresh throughout the day.
HEARING LOSS: Daily morning and night honey and cinnamon powder, taken in equal parts restores hearing
Indians go cuckoo for cow poo: I’ve been known to butcher a few sacred cows in my time… but today, I’m going after the actual sacred cow. What can I say, I can’t help myself. You probably already know how Indians — the ones in India, not the ones we’re supposed to call Native Americans — feel about their cows. They’re sacred animals. McDonalds in India won’t even put a single beef item on the menu. And now, India is taking bovine devotion to a new level. They’re turning cow dung into drugs. A brave reporter from the AFP recently visited Indian facilities where “scientists” working on these doo-doo drugs claim they can treat or cure everything from bad breath to liver problems to cancer. “What they eat is what they release,” cow nutrition researcher Raghav Gandhi told the news agency. “Cow dung stores all the vital nutrients and minerals. The urine is blessed with disinfectant properties.” Gandhi even told the reporter that he sings to the cows to help them to, ahem, produce. The dung is dried and turned into powder, which is put into the meds. The poo is also being turned into toothpaste, soap and shampoo.. or is that sham-poo? It doesn’t stop there, I’m afraid. One producer is even distilling cow urine and turning it into a soft drink. GROSS… but even I have to admit, cow pee can’t be any worse for you than cola. But maybe I’m being a little harsh. After all, there’s something to be said for truth in advertising. I’ve always argued that most of Big Pharma’s drugs are basically just steaming piles of poop. At least the makers of these wacky new treatments come right out and admit what’s in their meds.
For your good health,
OM NAMAH SHIVAY
Facts on honey and cinnamon : It is found that a mixture of honey and cinnamon cures most Diseases. Honey is produced in most of the countries of the world. Scientists of today also accept honey as a 'Ram Ban' (very effective) medicine for all kinds of diseases. Honey can be used without any side Effects for any kind of diseases. Today's science says that even though honey is sweet, if taken in the right dosage as a medicine, it does not harm diabetic patients. Weekly World News, a Magazine in Canada , on its issue dated 17 January, 1995 has given the following list of diseases that can be cured by honey and cinnamon as researched by western
HEART DISEASES: Make a paste of honey and cinnamon powder, apply on bread, instead of jelly and jam, and eat it regularly for breakfast. It reduces the cholesterol in the arteries and saves the patient from heart attack. Also, those who have already had an attack, if they do this Process daily they are kept miles away from the next attack. Regular use of the above process relieves loss of breath and strengthens the heart beat. In America and Canada , various nursing homes have treated patients successfully and have found that as you age, the arteries and veins lose their flexibility and get clogged; honey and cinnamon revitalize the arteries and veins.
ARTHRITIS: Arthritis patients may take daily, morning, and night, One cup of hot water with two spoons of honey and one small teaspoon of cinnamon powder. If taken regularly even chronic arthritis can be cured. In a recent research conducted at the Copenhagen University, it was found that when the doctors treated their patients with a mixture of one tablespoon honey and half teaspoon Cinnamon powder before breakfast, They found that within a week, out of the 200 people. So treated, practically 73 patients were totally relieved of pain, and within a month, mostly all the patients who could not walk or move around because of arthritis started walking without pain.
BLADDER INFECTIONS: Take two tablespoons of cinnamon powder and one teaspoon of honey in a glass of lukewarm water and drink it. It destroys the germs in the bladder.
TOOTHACHE: Make a paste of one teaspoon of cinnamon powder and five teaspoons of honey and apply on the aching tooth. This may be applied three times a day until the tooth stops aching.
CHOLESTEROL: Two tablespoons of honey and three teaspoons of cinnamon powder mixed in 16 ounces of tea water, given to a cholesterol patient were found to reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood by 10 percent within two hours. As mentioned for arthritic patients, if taken three times a day, any chronic cholesterol is cured. According to information received in the said Journal, pure honey taken with food daily relieves complaints of cholesterol. By the way, if you're taking cholesterol medicine, STOP! They all contain STATIN which weaken your muscles...including YOUR
HEART and none has been shown to stop heart attacks or strokes!!!!
COLDS: Those suffering from common or severe colds should take one tablespoon lukewarm honey with 1/4 spoon cinnamon powder daily for three days. This process will cure most chronic cough, cold, and clear the sinuses.
UPSET STOMACH: Honey taken with cinnamon powder cures stomach ache and also clears stomach ulcers from the root.
GAS: According to the studies done in India and Japan, it is revealed that if honey is taken with cinnamon powder the stomach is relieved of gas.
IMMUNE SYSTEM: Daily use of honey and cinnamon powder strength ens the immune system and protects the body from bacterial and viral attacks. Scientists have found that honey has various vitamins and iron in large amounts. Constant Use of honey strength ens the white blood corpuscles to fight bacterial and viral diseases.
INDIGESTION: Cinnamon powder sprinkled on two tablespoons of honey taken before food relieves acidity and digests the heaviest of meals.
INFLUENZA: A scientist in Spain has proved that honey contains a natural ingredient which kills the influenza germs and Saves the patient from flu.
LONGEVITY: Tea made with honey and cinnamon powder, when taken regularly, arrests the ravages of old age. Take four spoons of honey, one spoon of cinnamon powder and three cups of water and boil to make like tea. Drink 1/4 cup, three to four times a day. It keeps the skin fresh and soft and arrests old age. Life spans also increases and even a 100 year old, starts performing the chores of
a 20-year-old.
PIMPLES: Three tablespoons of honey and one teaspoon of cinnamon powder paste. Apply this paste on the pimples before sleeping and wash it next morning with warm water. If done daily for two weeks, it removes pimples from the root.
SKIN INFECTION: Applying honey and cinnamon powder in equal parts on the affected parts, cures eczema, ringworm and all types of skin infections.
WEIGHT LOSS: Daily in the morning one half hour before breakfast on an empty stomach and at night before sleeping, drink honey and cinnamon powder boiled in one cup of water. If taken regularly, it reduces the weight of even the most obese person. Also, drinking this mixture regularly does not allow the fat to accumulate in the body even though the person may eat a high calorie diet.
CANCER: Recent research in Japan and Australia has revealed that advanced cancer of the stomach and bones have been cured successfully. Patients suffering from these kinds of cancer should daily take one tablespoon of honey with one teaspoon of cinnamon powder for one month three times a day.
FATIGUE: Recent studies have shown that the sugar content of honey is more helpful rather than being detrimental to the strength of the body. Senior citizens, who take honey and cinnamon powder in equal parts, are more alert and flexible. Dr. Milton, who has done research, says that a half tablespoon of honey taken in a glass of water and sprinkled with cinnamon powder, taken daily after brushing and in the afternoon at about 3:00p.m.when the vitality of the body starts to decrease, increases the vitality of the body within a week.
BAD BREATH: First thing in the morning, gargle with one teaspoon of honey and cinnamon powder mixed in hot water, so the breath stays fresh throughout the day.
HEARING LOSS: Daily morning and night honey and cinnamon powder, taken in equal parts restores hearing
Indians go cuckoo for cow poo: I’ve been known to butcher a few sacred cows in my time… but today, I’m going after the actual sacred cow. What can I say, I can’t help myself. You probably already know how Indians — the ones in India, not the ones we’re supposed to call Native Americans — feel about their cows. They’re sacred animals. McDonalds in India won’t even put a single beef item on the menu. And now, India is taking bovine devotion to a new level. They’re turning cow dung into drugs. A brave reporter from the AFP recently visited Indian facilities where “scientists” working on these doo-doo drugs claim they can treat or cure everything from bad breath to liver problems to cancer. “What they eat is what they release,” cow nutrition researcher Raghav Gandhi told the news agency. “Cow dung stores all the vital nutrients and minerals. The urine is blessed with disinfectant properties.” Gandhi even told the reporter that he sings to the cows to help them to, ahem, produce. The dung is dried and turned into powder, which is put into the meds. The poo is also being turned into toothpaste, soap and shampoo.. or is that sham-poo? It doesn’t stop there, I’m afraid. One producer is even distilling cow urine and turning it into a soft drink. GROSS… but even I have to admit, cow pee can’t be any worse for you than cola. But maybe I’m being a little harsh. After all, there’s something to be said for truth in advertising. I’ve always argued that most of Big Pharma’s drugs are basically just steaming piles of poop. At least the makers of these wacky new treatments come right out and admit what’s in their meds.
For your good health,
OM NAMAH SHIVAY
गुरुवार, 4 मार्च 2010
WHEN A LIZARD CAN, WHY CAN'T WE?
WHEN A LIZARD CAN, WHY CAN'T WE?
This is a story that happened in Japan . In order to renovate the house, someone in Japan breaks open the wall. Japanese houses normally have a hollow space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside hammered into one of its feet. He sees this, feels pity, and at the same time curious, as when he checked the nail, it was nailed 5 years ago when the house was first built!!! What happened? The lizard has survived in such position for 5 years. In a dark wall partition for 5 years without moving, it is impossible and mind-boggling.Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 5 years! without moving a single step--since its foot was nailed!So he stopped his work and observed the lizard, what it has been doing, and what and how it has been eating. Later, not knowing from where it came, appears another lizard, with food in its mouth.Ah! He was stunned and touched deeply. For the lizard that was stuck by nail, another lizard has been feeding it for the past 5 years... Imagine? It has been doing that untiringly for 5 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. Imagine what a small creature can do that a creature blessed with a brilliant mind can't. Please never abandon your loved ones.
Never Say you are Busy When They Really Need You ... You May Have The Entire World At Your Feet. But You Might Be The Only World To Them.. A Moment of negligence might break the very heart which loves you through all odds.. Before you say something just remember.. it takes a moment to break but an entire lifetime to make....
This is a story that happened in Japan . In order to renovate the house, someone in Japan breaks open the wall. Japanese houses normally have a hollow space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside hammered into one of its feet. He sees this, feels pity, and at the same time curious, as when he checked the nail, it was nailed 5 years ago when the house was first built!!! What happened? The lizard has survived in such position for 5 years. In a dark wall partition for 5 years without moving, it is impossible and mind-boggling.Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 5 years! without moving a single step--since its foot was nailed!So he stopped his work and observed the lizard, what it has been doing, and what and how it has been eating. Later, not knowing from where it came, appears another lizard, with food in its mouth.Ah! He was stunned and touched deeply. For the lizard that was stuck by nail, another lizard has been feeding it for the past 5 years... Imagine? It has been doing that untiringly for 5 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. Imagine what a small creature can do that a creature blessed with a brilliant mind can't. Please never abandon your loved ones.
Never Say you are Busy When They Really Need You ... You May Have The Entire World At Your Feet. But You Might Be The Only World To Them.. A Moment of negligence might break the very heart which loves you through all odds.. Before you say something just remember.. it takes a moment to break but an entire lifetime to make....
गुरुवार, 25 जून 2009
Communications in India
Communications in India
For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India. Efforts have been made from both governmental and non-governmental platforms to enhance the infrastructure. The idea is to help modern telecommunication technology penetrate India’s socio-culturally diverse society, and to transform it into a nation of technology aware people. A large population, low telephony penetration levels, and rise in consumer income and spend owing to strong economic growth have contributed to making India the fastest-growing telecom market in the world. The first and largest operator is the state-owned incumbent BSNL, which is also the 7th largest telecom company in world in terms of number of subscribers. BSNL was created by corporatization of the erstwhile DTS (Department of Telecommunication Services), a government unit responsible for provision of telephony services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policy was revised to allow private operators, companies such as Reliance, Bharti Telecom, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, MTNL, and BPL have entered the space. major operators in India. However, rural India still lacks strong infrastructure.
The total number of telephones in the country crossed the 281.62 million mark at the end of January 2008. The overall tele-density has increased to 24.63% in January 2008. In the wireless segment, 8.77 million subscribers have been added in January 2008 while 8.11 million subscribers were added in December 2007. The total wireless subscribers (GSM, CDMA & WLL (F)) base is 242.4 million now. The wireline segment subscriber base stood at 39.22 million with a decline of 0.03 million in January 2008.
History- Telecom in the real sense means transfer of information between two distant points in space. The popular meaning of telecom always involves electrical signals and nowadays people exclude postal or any other raw telecommunication methods from its meaning. Therefore, the history of Indian telecom can be started with the introduction of telegraph.
Introduction of Telegraph - The postal and telecom sectors had a slow and uneasy start in India. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph Line was started between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. In 1851, it was opened for the British East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department, at that time. Construction of 4,000 miles of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata and Peshawar in the north via Agra, Mumbai through Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai in the south, as well as Ootacamund and Bangalore was started in November 1853. Dr. William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department. He tried his level best for the development of telecom through out this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public.
Introduction of the Telephone - In 1880, two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to establish telephone exchanges in India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. By 1881, the Government changed its earlier decision and licence was granted to the Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad. January 28, 1882, is a Red Letter Day in the history of telephone in India. On this day Major E. Baring, Member of the Governor General of India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchange in Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. The exchange at Kolkata named "Central Exchange" was opened at third floor of the building at 7, Council House Street. The Central Telephone Exchange had 93 number of subscribers. Bombay also witnessed the opening of Telephone Exchange in 1882.
Further developments - 1902 - First wireless telegraph station established between Saugor Islands and Sandheads.
1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur.
1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange installed in Simla.
July 23, 1927 - Radio-telegraph system between the UK and India, with beam stations at Khadki and Dond, inaugurated by Lord Irwin by exchanging greetings with the King of England.
1933 - Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India.
1953 - 12 channel carrier system introduced.
1960 - First subscriber trunk dialing route commissioned between Kanpur and Lucknow.
1975 - First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri telephone exchanges.
1976 - First digital microwave junction introduced.
1979 - First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune.
1980 - First satellite earth station for domestic communications established at Secunderabad, U.P..
1983 - First analog Stored Program Control exchange for trunk lines commissioned at Mumbai.
1984 - C-DOT established for indigenous development and production of digital exchanges.
1985 - First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis in Delhi.
While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during the British period, the total number of telephones in 1948 was only around 80,000. Even after independence, growth was extremely slow. The telephone was a status symbol rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in 1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in the country.
While certain innovative steps were taken from time to time, as for example introduction of the telex service in Mumbai in 1953 and commissioning of the first [subscriber trunk dialing] route between Delhi and Kanpur in 1960, the first waves of change were set going by Sam Pitroda in the eighties. He brought in a whiff of fresh air. The real transformation in scenario came with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy in 1994.
India, emerging as a major player- In 1975, the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-Globalization policy. Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from its operations wing. The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Many private operators, such as Reliance India Mobile, Tata Telecom, Vodafone, BPL, Bharti, Idea etc., successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market.
Growth of mobile technology_- India has become one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in the world [2]. The mobile services were commercially launched in August 1995 in India. In the initial 5-6 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after the number of proactive initiatives taken by regulator and licensor, the monthly mobile subscriber additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05.
Although mobile telephones followed the New Telecom Policy 1994, growth was tardy in the early years because of the high price of hand sets as well as the high tariff structure of mobile telephones. The New Telecom Policy in 1999, the industry heralded several pro consumer initiatives. Mobile subscriber additions started picking up. The number of mobile phones added throughout the country in 2003 was 16 million, followed by 22 millions in 2004, 32 million in 2005 and 65 million in 2006. The only countries with more mobile phones than India with 156.31 million mobile phones are China – 408 million and USA – 170 million. India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile communications) and CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector. In addition to landline and mobile phones, some of the companies also provide the WLL service. The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of US$ 5 only. In 2005 alone 32 million handsets were sold in India. The data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.
Present scenario- In the fixed line arena, BSNL and MTNL are the incumbents in their respective areas of operation and continue to enjoy the dominant service provider status in the domain of fixed line services. For example BSNL controls 79% of fixed line share in the country. On the other hand, in the mobile telephony space, Airtel controls 21.4% subscriber base followed by Reliance with 20.3%, BSNL with 18.6%, Vodafone with 14.7% subscriber base (as per June 2005 data).
Next generation networks- In the Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access networks include fibre optics or coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or customers connected through wi-fi as well as to 3G networks connected to mobile users. As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile network and the broadband wirelessaccess would be used both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to differentiate between fixed and mobile networks – both fixed and mobile users will access services through a single core network. Indian telecom networks are not so intensive as developed country’s telecom networks and India's teledensity is low only in rural areas. 670,000 route kilometers of optical fibres has been laid in India by the major operators, even in remote areas and the process continues. BSNL alone, has laid optical fibre to 30,000 Telephone Exchanges out of their 35,000 Exchanges. Keeping in mind the viability of providing services in rural areas, an attractive solution appears to be one which offers multiple service facility at low costs. A rural network based on the extensive optical fibre network, using Internet Protocol and offering a variety of services and the availability of open platforms for service development, viz. the Next Generation Network, appears to be an attractive proposition. Fibre network can be easily converted to Next Generation network and then used for delivering multiple services at cheap cost.
Revenue and growth- The total revenue in the telecom service sector was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%. The total investment in the telecom services sector reached Rs. 200,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the previous fiscal. Telecommunication is the lifeline of the rapidly growing Information Technology industry. Internet subscriber base has risen to 6.94 million in 2005- 2006. Out of this 1.35 million were broadband connections. More than a billion people use the internet globally. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, the Government of India will ensure that 66,822 revenue villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone (VPT), will be connected. However doubts have been raised about what it would mean for the poor in the country.
It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3.7 million Public Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2.3 million in December 2004.
The value added services (VAS) market within the mobile industry in India has the potential to grow from $500 million in 2006 to a whopping $10 billion by 2009(Music, games to drive mobile VAS growth).
Service providers in India- Basic service licencees
Until recently, only the PSU's BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide Basic Phone Service through copper wires in India. MTNL is operating in Delhi and Mumbai only and all other parts are covered by BSNL. However private operators have now entered the fray, although their focus is largely on the cellular business which is growing rapidly.
Vigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM) Cells. The boost in Indian Telecom market has also given rise to illegal setups and practices. Following the directives issued by the Minister of Communications & IT,Govt of India, the Department of Telecom has set up Vigilance Telecom Monitoring Cells at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and other important locations to vigorously detect the illegal Telecom setups in the country. VTM cells continuously monitor the operators to check the grey market calls and also ensure that the license conditions are fully complied with. Telephone
Telephony Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 281.6 million (January 2008)
Cellphones: 250.6 million (February 2008)
Land Lines: 39.2 million (January 2008)
Yearly Cellphone Addition: 83 million (2007)
Monthly Cellphone Addition: 8.2 million (February 2008)
Teledensity: 24.63% (January 2008)
Projected teledensity: 500 million, 40% of population by 2010.
Broadband connection: 2.67 million (September 2007)
Telephone system: The Mobile telecommunications system in India is the second largest in the world and it was thrown open to private players in the 1990s. The country is divided into multiple zones, called circles (roughly along state boundaries). Government and several private players run local and long distance telephone services. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world. The rates are supposed to go down further with new measures to be taken by the Information Ministry.
Landlines: Landline service in India is primarily run by BSNL/MTNL and Reliance Infocomm though there are several other private players too, such as Touchtel and Tata Teleservices. Landlines are facing stiff competition from mobile telephones. The competition has forced the landline services to become more efficient. The landline network quality has improved and landline connections are now usually available on demand, even in high density urban areas.
Mobile Cellular: The mobile service has seen phenomenal growth since 2000. In September 2004, the number of mobile phone connections have crossed fixed-line connections. Currently there are an estimated 201.29 million mobile phone users in India compared to 39.73 million fixed line subscribers. India primarily follows the GSM mobile system, in the 900 MHz band. Recent operators also operate in the 1800 MHz band. The dominant players are Airtel, Reliance Infocomm, Vodafone, Idea cellular and BSNL/MTNL. There are many smaller players, with operations in only a few states. International roaming agreements exist between most operators and many foreign carriers.
Dialling System: On landlines, intra circle calls are considered local calls while inter circle are considered long distance calls. Currently Government is working to integrate the whole country in one telecom circle. For long distance calls, you dial the area code prefixed with a zero (e.g. For calling Delhi, you would dial 011-XXXX XXXX). For international calls, you would dial "00" and the country code+area code+number. The country code for India is 91.
Call Rates Slashed: Communication rates in India fell sharply after the year 2000 when infrastructure improvements and entry of many major players made Indian Telecom a highly competitive sector.
There is a conversion process underway to make all numbers in India 10 digits long.
Internet Users: Number of Internet users in India is the 4th largest in the world. Internet population is expected to grow to 100 million users by 2007
Though the number of internet users is high, the penetration level is still lower than most countries across the globe.
Broadband Internet access- To meet Wikipedia's quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup.
The current version of this article or section is written in an informal style and with a personally invested tone. It reads more like a story than an encyclopedia entry.
Please see specific examples noted on the talk page. Editing help is available.
Broadband connections have continued growth since beginning on 2006. At the end of November 2006 total broadband connections in the country have reached 2 million. However the definition of broadband is pretty constrained in India compared to other countries. A 256 kbit/s always on connection is the definition of broadband in India compared to 2 Mbit/s in other countries.However most ISPs,especially the Government managed companies are now offering speeds up to 2 Mbit/s
BSNL, Sify, MTNL, Airtel, Netcom, Reliance and Hathway are some of the major ISPs in India. TRAI has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s or higher. However, many ISPs advertise their service as broadband but don't offer the suggested speeds. Recently, Airtel and Hathway have begun offering unlimited downloads. Broadband in India is more expensive as compared to Western Europe/UK and USA. After economic liberalization in 1992, many private ISPs have entered the market, many with their own local loop and gateway infrastructures. The telecom services market is regulated by TRAI. ADSL providers include:
Tata Indicom (VSNL)
MTNL/BSNL
Bharti Telecom (Airtel, Bharti Televentures)
Reliance Infocomm
Airtel has announced its intention to shortly launch 8 Mbit/s broadband internet service
See also: Internet censorship in India
International
Nine satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region).
Nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad and Ernakulam.
Submarine cables
LOCOM linking Chennai to Penang, Malaysia
India-UAEcable linking Mumbai to Al Fujayrah, UAE.
SEA-ME-WE 2, SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4 - (South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe) with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai.
Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (2000).
Broadcasting
Radio broadcast stations: AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios: 116 million (1997)
Television terrestrial broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions: 110 million (2006)
In India, only the government owned Doordarshan (Door = Distant = Tele, Darshan == Vision) is allowed to broadcast terrestrial television signals. It initially had one major National channel (DD National) and a Metro channel in some of the larger cities (also known as DD Metro).
Satellite/Cable television took off during the first Gulf War with CNN. There are no regulations against ownership of satellite dish antennas, or operation of cable television systems, which led to an explosion of viewership and channels, led by the Star TV group and Zee TV. Initially restricted to music and entertainment channels, viewership grew, giving rise to several channels in regional languages and many in the national language, Hindi. The main news channels available were CNN and BBC World. In the late 1990s, many current affairs and news channels sprouted, becoming immensely popular because of the alternative viewpoint they offered compared to Doordarshan. Some of the notable ones are Aaj Tak (means Till Today, run by the India Today group) and Star News, initially run by the NDTV group and their charismatic lead anchor, Prannoy Roy (NDTV now has its own channels, NDTV 24x7, NDTV Profit and NDTV India).
Here is a reasonably comprehensive List of Indian television stations.
Internet Users: 60,000,000 (September 2007) Source: Internet World Stats
Broadband Subscribers: Broadband in India is defined as 256 kbit/s and above by the government regulator. Total subscribers were 2.3 million (April 2007) Source: TRAI
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) & Hosts: 86,571 (2004) Source: CIA World FactBook
Country code (Top-level domain): IN
Modes of Communication in India
Communicating while in India is no problem. There are various modes of communication in India. There is an availability of all the modern communication forms in India. Read on to know about communications in India.
Public Phone Booths (PCOs)
One of the main modes of communication in India are the Public phone booths. They are generally known as PCOs in India. They provide the facility for local (within the city) calls, STD (Inter - State) calls, ISD (International) calls. Even Fax facility is available. You will find these PCOs in every nook and corner.
Mobile (Cell) Phones
Another way to communicate in India is through Mobile or Cell phones. If you have a mobile phone with the tri-band technology, you can easily use it here. You don’t need to use the service provider of your own country. There are a number of service providers in India to keep you connected. You can buy a prepaid sim card from any service provider. You only need to make payment for it and give a photocopy of your any Identity proof (like your passport). Get it recharged and enjoy free mobility.
Cyber Cafes
Looking for an inexpensive and fast communication, you can use the services of cyber cafes in India. These cyber cafes provide all the Internet facilities like e-mail, chatting, voice chat, etc. You can easily locate them, as they are present in quite a large number.
Postal Services
Last, but not the least, you can even use postal services as a means of communication in India. You can make use of postcards, letters, etc. For faster communication, use telegrams, speed post and courier services.
For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India. Efforts have been made from both governmental and non-governmental platforms to enhance the infrastructure. The idea is to help modern telecommunication technology penetrate India’s socio-culturally diverse society, and to transform it into a nation of technology aware people. A large population, low telephony penetration levels, and rise in consumer income and spend owing to strong economic growth have contributed to making India the fastest-growing telecom market in the world. The first and largest operator is the state-owned incumbent BSNL, which is also the 7th largest telecom company in world in terms of number of subscribers. BSNL was created by corporatization of the erstwhile DTS (Department of Telecommunication Services), a government unit responsible for provision of telephony services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policy was revised to allow private operators, companies such as Reliance, Bharti Telecom, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, MTNL, and BPL have entered the space. major operators in India. However, rural India still lacks strong infrastructure.
The total number of telephones in the country crossed the 281.62 million mark at the end of January 2008. The overall tele-density has increased to 24.63% in January 2008. In the wireless segment, 8.77 million subscribers have been added in January 2008 while 8.11 million subscribers were added in December 2007. The total wireless subscribers (GSM, CDMA & WLL (F)) base is 242.4 million now. The wireline segment subscriber base stood at 39.22 million with a decline of 0.03 million in January 2008.
History- Telecom in the real sense means transfer of information between two distant points in space. The popular meaning of telecom always involves electrical signals and nowadays people exclude postal or any other raw telecommunication methods from its meaning. Therefore, the history of Indian telecom can be started with the introduction of telegraph.
Introduction of Telegraph - The postal and telecom sectors had a slow and uneasy start in India. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph Line was started between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. In 1851, it was opened for the British East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department, at that time. Construction of 4,000 miles of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata and Peshawar in the north via Agra, Mumbai through Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai in the south, as well as Ootacamund and Bangalore was started in November 1853. Dr. William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department. He tried his level best for the development of telecom through out this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public.
Introduction of the Telephone - In 1880, two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to establish telephone exchanges in India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. By 1881, the Government changed its earlier decision and licence was granted to the Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad. January 28, 1882, is a Red Letter Day in the history of telephone in India. On this day Major E. Baring, Member of the Governor General of India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchange in Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. The exchange at Kolkata named "Central Exchange" was opened at third floor of the building at 7, Council House Street. The Central Telephone Exchange had 93 number of subscribers. Bombay also witnessed the opening of Telephone Exchange in 1882.
Further developments - 1902 - First wireless telegraph station established between Saugor Islands and Sandheads.
1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur.
1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange installed in Simla.
July 23, 1927 - Radio-telegraph system between the UK and India, with beam stations at Khadki and Dond, inaugurated by Lord Irwin by exchanging greetings with the King of England.
1933 - Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India.
1953 - 12 channel carrier system introduced.
1960 - First subscriber trunk dialing route commissioned between Kanpur and Lucknow.
1975 - First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri telephone exchanges.
1976 - First digital microwave junction introduced.
1979 - First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune.
1980 - First satellite earth station for domestic communications established at Secunderabad, U.P..
1983 - First analog Stored Program Control exchange for trunk lines commissioned at Mumbai.
1984 - C-DOT established for indigenous development and production of digital exchanges.
1985 - First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis in Delhi.
While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during the British period, the total number of telephones in 1948 was only around 80,000. Even after independence, growth was extremely slow. The telephone was a status symbol rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in 1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in the country.
While certain innovative steps were taken from time to time, as for example introduction of the telex service in Mumbai in 1953 and commissioning of the first [subscriber trunk dialing] route between Delhi and Kanpur in 1960, the first waves of change were set going by Sam Pitroda in the eighties. He brought in a whiff of fresh air. The real transformation in scenario came with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy in 1994.
India, emerging as a major player- In 1975, the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-Globalization policy. Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from its operations wing. The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Many private operators, such as Reliance India Mobile, Tata Telecom, Vodafone, BPL, Bharti, Idea etc., successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market.
Growth of mobile technology_- India has become one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in the world [2]. The mobile services were commercially launched in August 1995 in India. In the initial 5-6 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after the number of proactive initiatives taken by regulator and licensor, the monthly mobile subscriber additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05.
Although mobile telephones followed the New Telecom Policy 1994, growth was tardy in the early years because of the high price of hand sets as well as the high tariff structure of mobile telephones. The New Telecom Policy in 1999, the industry heralded several pro consumer initiatives. Mobile subscriber additions started picking up. The number of mobile phones added throughout the country in 2003 was 16 million, followed by 22 millions in 2004, 32 million in 2005 and 65 million in 2006. The only countries with more mobile phones than India with 156.31 million mobile phones are China – 408 million and USA – 170 million. India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile communications) and CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector. In addition to landline and mobile phones, some of the companies also provide the WLL service. The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of US$ 5 only. In 2005 alone 32 million handsets were sold in India. The data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.
Present scenario- In the fixed line arena, BSNL and MTNL are the incumbents in their respective areas of operation and continue to enjoy the dominant service provider status in the domain of fixed line services. For example BSNL controls 79% of fixed line share in the country. On the other hand, in the mobile telephony space, Airtel controls 21.4% subscriber base followed by Reliance with 20.3%, BSNL with 18.6%, Vodafone with 14.7% subscriber base (as per June 2005 data).
Next generation networks- In the Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access networks include fibre optics or coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or customers connected through wi-fi as well as to 3G networks connected to mobile users. As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile network and the broadband wirelessaccess would be used both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to differentiate between fixed and mobile networks – both fixed and mobile users will access services through a single core network. Indian telecom networks are not so intensive as developed country’s telecom networks and India's teledensity is low only in rural areas. 670,000 route kilometers of optical fibres has been laid in India by the major operators, even in remote areas and the process continues. BSNL alone, has laid optical fibre to 30,000 Telephone Exchanges out of their 35,000 Exchanges. Keeping in mind the viability of providing services in rural areas, an attractive solution appears to be one which offers multiple service facility at low costs. A rural network based on the extensive optical fibre network, using Internet Protocol and offering a variety of services and the availability of open platforms for service development, viz. the Next Generation Network, appears to be an attractive proposition. Fibre network can be easily converted to Next Generation network and then used for delivering multiple services at cheap cost.
Revenue and growth- The total revenue in the telecom service sector was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%. The total investment in the telecom services sector reached Rs. 200,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the previous fiscal. Telecommunication is the lifeline of the rapidly growing Information Technology industry. Internet subscriber base has risen to 6.94 million in 2005- 2006. Out of this 1.35 million were broadband connections. More than a billion people use the internet globally. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, the Government of India will ensure that 66,822 revenue villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone (VPT), will be connected. However doubts have been raised about what it would mean for the poor in the country.
It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3.7 million Public Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2.3 million in December 2004.
The value added services (VAS) market within the mobile industry in India has the potential to grow from $500 million in 2006 to a whopping $10 billion by 2009(Music, games to drive mobile VAS growth).
Service providers in India- Basic service licencees
Until recently, only the PSU's BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide Basic Phone Service through copper wires in India. MTNL is operating in Delhi and Mumbai only and all other parts are covered by BSNL. However private operators have now entered the fray, although their focus is largely on the cellular business which is growing rapidly.
Vigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM) Cells. The boost in Indian Telecom market has also given rise to illegal setups and practices. Following the directives issued by the Minister of Communications & IT,Govt of India, the Department of Telecom has set up Vigilance Telecom Monitoring Cells at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and other important locations to vigorously detect the illegal Telecom setups in the country. VTM cells continuously monitor the operators to check the grey market calls and also ensure that the license conditions are fully complied with. Telephone
Telephony Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 281.6 million (January 2008)
Cellphones: 250.6 million (February 2008)
Land Lines: 39.2 million (January 2008)
Yearly Cellphone Addition: 83 million (2007)
Monthly Cellphone Addition: 8.2 million (February 2008)
Teledensity: 24.63% (January 2008)
Projected teledensity: 500 million, 40% of population by 2010.
Broadband connection: 2.67 million (September 2007)
Telephone system: The Mobile telecommunications system in India is the second largest in the world and it was thrown open to private players in the 1990s. The country is divided into multiple zones, called circles (roughly along state boundaries). Government and several private players run local and long distance telephone services. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world. The rates are supposed to go down further with new measures to be taken by the Information Ministry.
Landlines: Landline service in India is primarily run by BSNL/MTNL and Reliance Infocomm though there are several other private players too, such as Touchtel and Tata Teleservices. Landlines are facing stiff competition from mobile telephones. The competition has forced the landline services to become more efficient. The landline network quality has improved and landline connections are now usually available on demand, even in high density urban areas.
Mobile Cellular: The mobile service has seen phenomenal growth since 2000. In September 2004, the number of mobile phone connections have crossed fixed-line connections. Currently there are an estimated 201.29 million mobile phone users in India compared to 39.73 million fixed line subscribers. India primarily follows the GSM mobile system, in the 900 MHz band. Recent operators also operate in the 1800 MHz band. The dominant players are Airtel, Reliance Infocomm, Vodafone, Idea cellular and BSNL/MTNL. There are many smaller players, with operations in only a few states. International roaming agreements exist between most operators and many foreign carriers.
Dialling System: On landlines, intra circle calls are considered local calls while inter circle are considered long distance calls. Currently Government is working to integrate the whole country in one telecom circle. For long distance calls, you dial the area code prefixed with a zero (e.g. For calling Delhi, you would dial 011-XXXX XXXX). For international calls, you would dial "00" and the country code+area code+number. The country code for India is 91.
Call Rates Slashed: Communication rates in India fell sharply after the year 2000 when infrastructure improvements and entry of many major players made Indian Telecom a highly competitive sector.
There is a conversion process underway to make all numbers in India 10 digits long.
Internet Users: Number of Internet users in India is the 4th largest in the world. Internet population is expected to grow to 100 million users by 2007
Though the number of internet users is high, the penetration level is still lower than most countries across the globe.
Broadband Internet access- To meet Wikipedia's quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup.
The current version of this article or section is written in an informal style and with a personally invested tone. It reads more like a story than an encyclopedia entry.
Please see specific examples noted on the talk page. Editing help is available.
Broadband connections have continued growth since beginning on 2006. At the end of November 2006 total broadband connections in the country have reached 2 million. However the definition of broadband is pretty constrained in India compared to other countries. A 256 kbit/s always on connection is the definition of broadband in India compared to 2 Mbit/s in other countries.However most ISPs,especially the Government managed companies are now offering speeds up to 2 Mbit/s
BSNL, Sify, MTNL, Airtel, Netcom, Reliance and Hathway are some of the major ISPs in India. TRAI has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s or higher. However, many ISPs advertise their service as broadband but don't offer the suggested speeds. Recently, Airtel and Hathway have begun offering unlimited downloads. Broadband in India is more expensive as compared to Western Europe/UK and USA. After economic liberalization in 1992, many private ISPs have entered the market, many with their own local loop and gateway infrastructures. The telecom services market is regulated by TRAI. ADSL providers include:
Tata Indicom (VSNL)
MTNL/BSNL
Bharti Telecom (Airtel, Bharti Televentures)
Reliance Infocomm
Airtel has announced its intention to shortly launch 8 Mbit/s broadband internet service
See also: Internet censorship in India
International
Nine satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region).
Nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad and Ernakulam.
Submarine cables
LOCOM linking Chennai to Penang, Malaysia
India-UAEcable linking Mumbai to Al Fujayrah, UAE.
SEA-ME-WE 2, SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4 - (South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe) with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai.
Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (2000).
Broadcasting
Radio broadcast stations: AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
Radios: 116 million (1997)
Television terrestrial broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions: 110 million (2006)
In India, only the government owned Doordarshan (Door = Distant = Tele, Darshan == Vision) is allowed to broadcast terrestrial television signals. It initially had one major National channel (DD National) and a Metro channel in some of the larger cities (also known as DD Metro).
Satellite/Cable television took off during the first Gulf War with CNN. There are no regulations against ownership of satellite dish antennas, or operation of cable television systems, which led to an explosion of viewership and channels, led by the Star TV group and Zee TV. Initially restricted to music and entertainment channels, viewership grew, giving rise to several channels in regional languages and many in the national language, Hindi. The main news channels available were CNN and BBC World. In the late 1990s, many current affairs and news channels sprouted, becoming immensely popular because of the alternative viewpoint they offered compared to Doordarshan. Some of the notable ones are Aaj Tak (means Till Today, run by the India Today group) and Star News, initially run by the NDTV group and their charismatic lead anchor, Prannoy Roy (NDTV now has its own channels, NDTV 24x7, NDTV Profit and NDTV India).
Here is a reasonably comprehensive List of Indian television stations.
Internet Users: 60,000,000 (September 2007) Source: Internet World Stats
Broadband Subscribers: Broadband in India is defined as 256 kbit/s and above by the government regulator. Total subscribers were 2.3 million (April 2007) Source: TRAI
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) & Hosts: 86,571 (2004) Source: CIA World FactBook
Country code (Top-level domain): IN
Modes of Communication in India
Communicating while in India is no problem. There are various modes of communication in India. There is an availability of all the modern communication forms in India. Read on to know about communications in India.
Public Phone Booths (PCOs)
One of the main modes of communication in India are the Public phone booths. They are generally known as PCOs in India. They provide the facility for local (within the city) calls, STD (Inter - State) calls, ISD (International) calls. Even Fax facility is available. You will find these PCOs in every nook and corner.
Mobile (Cell) Phones
Another way to communicate in India is through Mobile or Cell phones. If you have a mobile phone with the tri-band technology, you can easily use it here. You don’t need to use the service provider of your own country. There are a number of service providers in India to keep you connected. You can buy a prepaid sim card from any service provider. You only need to make payment for it and give a photocopy of your any Identity proof (like your passport). Get it recharged and enjoy free mobility.
Cyber Cafes
Looking for an inexpensive and fast communication, you can use the services of cyber cafes in India. These cyber cafes provide all the Internet facilities like e-mail, chatting, voice chat, etc. You can easily locate them, as they are present in quite a large number.
Postal Services
Last, but not the least, you can even use postal services as a means of communication in India. You can make use of postcards, letters, etc. For faster communication, use telegrams, speed post and courier services.
PMO spent more than Rs. 371 crore only on PMs foreign tours
PMO spent more than Rs. 371 crore only on PMs foreign tours
It sounds unbelievable, but it is true. Five Prime Ministers including Dr. Manmohan Singh, and his four predecessors, who occupied Prime Minister's Office (PMO) for as many as 6189 days since May 16, 1996, spent more than Rs. 371 crore only on foreign tours. It happens only in India.
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has spent more than Rs. 371,41,06,538/- on foreign tours of five out of six living prime ministers, including Dr. Manmohan Singh, during the past 12 years (since 1996). The highest expenditure incurred on former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee – Rs. 210 crore.
This startling disclosure was made by Amit Agrawal, Director and Central Public Information Officer under the Right to Information Act, 2005. He clamed that Rs. 4470962 were spent medical treatment of Vajpayee between April 11, 2002 and March 24, 2006. Majority of the expenditure incurred on foreign visits of prime ministers on hiring of chartered air crafts from Air India. The PMO has also spent more than Rs. 22 lakh on domestic travel of four former prime ministers including V.P.Singh, P.V.Narasimha Rao (now dead), H D Dave Gowda and I.K.Gujral between 2000 and 2007.
Revealing information about medical and traveling expenses of Prime Ministers of India to Mr. Chetan Kothari who had sought information from the Prime Minister's Office under Right to Information Act, Agrawal claimed that the records of prime ministers foreign tours prior to 1996 have been weeded out.
According to documents, "the Prime Minister's Office does not incur any expenditure on account of domestic tours of Prime Minister. As regards former prime ministers, travel facilities to the extent of six return journeys by air by executive class, along with spouse, and fee train travel in the highest class with spouse, without any ceiling, are provided since 1996."
Ironically, "information of such expenditure is available with the PMO only from 2000 on wards. Prior to 2000 have been weeded out," Mr Agrawal claimed in his four-page documents on information about medical and traveling expenses of Prime Ministers of India under the Right to Information Act, 2005.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shared the highest expenditure (Rs. 667,998,000) in 2005 followed by Rs. 620,953,000 by Vajpayee alone in 2003 and Rs. 531281000 by Manmohan Singh in 2006.
Information revealed that the expenditure on account of medical treatment of the prime minister is generally met by the Department of Health & Family Welfare, however, in 2002, altogether Rs.18,99,564; followed by 25,34,050 in 2003 and Rs.3500 in 2006 (Total Rs. 44,70,962) respectively were spent on medical treatment of Vajpayee. These amounts were sanctioned by the PMO.
According to report, Rs. 10,67,380 expemditure incurred on domestic travels of former prime ministers V P Singh, Rs. 562285 on P V Narasimha rao, Rs. 4,07,535 on H D Dave Gowda and Rs. 7,01510 on I K Gujral between 2000 and 2007.
BOX-1
EXPENDITURE ON FOREIGN VISIT OF PRIME MINISTER ON HIRING OF CHARTERED AIR CRAFT FROM AIR INDIA
YEAR NAME OF THE PRIME MINISTERS EXPENDITURE
1996 Atal Bihar Vajpayee+H.D. Dave Gowda - Rs. 64891000/-
1997 H D Dave Gowda + I K Gujral - Rs. 210534000/-
1998 I K Gujral + Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 137893000/-
1999 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 136742570/-
2000 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 105207000/-
2001 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 480631000/-
2002 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 507156968/-
2003 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 620953000/-
2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee + Manmohan Singh - Rs. 250819000/-
2005 Manmohan Singh - Rs. 667998000/-
2006 Manmohan Singh - Rs. 531281000/-
TOTAL Rs. 3,714,106,538
BOX-2
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA (DURATION IN OFFICE)
NAME OF PRIME MINISTERS IN OFFICE
1. Jawaharlal Nehru 6131 days
2. Gulzarilal Nanda 4 days + 14 days
3. Lal Bahadur Shashtri 582 days
4. Indira Gandhi 4078 days + 1753 days
5. Morarji Desai 857 days
6. Charan Singh 171 days
7. Rajiv Gandhi 1858 days
8. V P Singh 341 days
9. Chandra Shekhar 224 days
10. P V Narasimha Rao 1790 days
11. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 13 days + 2268 days
12. H D Dave Gowda 325 days
13. I K Gujral 333 days
14. Dr. Manmohan Singh May 22 June, 2004 onwards
It sounds unbelievable, but it is true. Five Prime Ministers including Dr. Manmohan Singh, and his four predecessors, who occupied Prime Minister's Office (PMO) for as many as 6189 days since May 16, 1996, spent more than Rs. 371 crore only on foreign tours. It happens only in India.
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has spent more than Rs. 371,41,06,538/- on foreign tours of five out of six living prime ministers, including Dr. Manmohan Singh, during the past 12 years (since 1996). The highest expenditure incurred on former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee – Rs. 210 crore.
This startling disclosure was made by Amit Agrawal, Director and Central Public Information Officer under the Right to Information Act, 2005. He clamed that Rs. 4470962 were spent medical treatment of Vajpayee between April 11, 2002 and March 24, 2006. Majority of the expenditure incurred on foreign visits of prime ministers on hiring of chartered air crafts from Air India. The PMO has also spent more than Rs. 22 lakh on domestic travel of four former prime ministers including V.P.Singh, P.V.Narasimha Rao (now dead), H D Dave Gowda and I.K.Gujral between 2000 and 2007.
Revealing information about medical and traveling expenses of Prime Ministers of India to Mr. Chetan Kothari who had sought information from the Prime Minister's Office under Right to Information Act, Agrawal claimed that the records of prime ministers foreign tours prior to 1996 have been weeded out.
According to documents, "the Prime Minister's Office does not incur any expenditure on account of domestic tours of Prime Minister. As regards former prime ministers, travel facilities to the extent of six return journeys by air by executive class, along with spouse, and fee train travel in the highest class with spouse, without any ceiling, are provided since 1996."
Ironically, "information of such expenditure is available with the PMO only from 2000 on wards. Prior to 2000 have been weeded out," Mr Agrawal claimed in his four-page documents on information about medical and traveling expenses of Prime Ministers of India under the Right to Information Act, 2005.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shared the highest expenditure (Rs. 667,998,000) in 2005 followed by Rs. 620,953,000 by Vajpayee alone in 2003 and Rs. 531281000 by Manmohan Singh in 2006.
Information revealed that the expenditure on account of medical treatment of the prime minister is generally met by the Department of Health & Family Welfare, however, in 2002, altogether Rs.18,99,564; followed by 25,34,050 in 2003 and Rs.3500 in 2006 (Total Rs. 44,70,962) respectively were spent on medical treatment of Vajpayee. These amounts were sanctioned by the PMO.
According to report, Rs. 10,67,380 expemditure incurred on domestic travels of former prime ministers V P Singh, Rs. 562285 on P V Narasimha rao, Rs. 4,07,535 on H D Dave Gowda and Rs. 7,01510 on I K Gujral between 2000 and 2007.
BOX-1
EXPENDITURE ON FOREIGN VISIT OF PRIME MINISTER ON HIRING OF CHARTERED AIR CRAFT FROM AIR INDIA
YEAR NAME OF THE PRIME MINISTERS EXPENDITURE
1996 Atal Bihar Vajpayee+H.D. Dave Gowda - Rs. 64891000/-
1997 H D Dave Gowda + I K Gujral - Rs. 210534000/-
1998 I K Gujral + Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 137893000/-
1999 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 136742570/-
2000 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 105207000/-
2001 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 480631000/-
2002 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 507156968/-
2003 Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Rs. 620953000/-
2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee + Manmohan Singh - Rs. 250819000/-
2005 Manmohan Singh - Rs. 667998000/-
2006 Manmohan Singh - Rs. 531281000/-
TOTAL Rs. 3,714,106,538
BOX-2
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA (DURATION IN OFFICE)
NAME OF PRIME MINISTERS IN OFFICE
1. Jawaharlal Nehru 6131 days
2. Gulzarilal Nanda 4 days + 14 days
3. Lal Bahadur Shashtri 582 days
4. Indira Gandhi 4078 days + 1753 days
5. Morarji Desai 857 days
6. Charan Singh 171 days
7. Rajiv Gandhi 1858 days
8. V P Singh 341 days
9. Chandra Shekhar 224 days
10. P V Narasimha Rao 1790 days
11. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 13 days + 2268 days
12. H D Dave Gowda 325 days
13. I K Gujral 333 days
14. Dr. Manmohan Singh May 22 June, 2004 onwards
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